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Toluene is a colorless, transparent liquid with a distinct benzene-like odor. It exhibits strong refractive properties and is highly miscible with solvents such as ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform, carbon disulfide, and glacial acetic acid, but only slightly soluble in water. Its relative density is 0.866, with a freezing point of -95°C and a boiling point of 110.6°C. The refractive index is 1.4967, and its flash point (closed cup) is 4.4°C. Toluene is flammable, and its vapors can form explosive mixtures with air, with an explosion limit of 1.2% to 7.0% by volume.
Toluene is widely used as a solvent and as an additive in high-octane gasoline. It also serves as a key raw material in the production of various organic chemicals. However, due to its relatively abundant supply compared to benzene and xylene, a significant portion of toluene is used for further processing. For example, it can be alkylated or deuterated to produce xylene. Derivatives of toluene are essential in the manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, fragrances, and other fine chemicals. Additionally, it plays a role in the synthetic materials industry.
During production, toluene poses several hazards. It is highly flammable and can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. Exposure to fire, high temperatures, or strong oxidizing agents increases the risk of fire or explosion. Its vapor is heavier than air and can spread over long distances, potentially igniting if exposed to a flame. Toluene can irritate the skin and mucous membranes and has anesthetic effects on the central nervous system. Its maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 100 mg/m³.
Health risks include irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, along with central nervous system depression. Acute exposure to high concentrations may lead to eye and upper respiratory tract irritation, conjunctival and pharyngeal redness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, limb weakness, gait disturbances, and confusion. In severe cases, convulsions, coma, and even death may occur.
Chronic exposure can result in symptoms like neurasthenia, liver enlargement, and menstrual irregularities in women. It can also cause dry, cracked skin and dermatitis. Environmentally, toluene is harmful and can pollute air, water, and water sources. It presents an explosion hazard due to its flammability and irritant properties.
To ensure safety, it's important to use proper detection equipment, such as toluene gas detectors, to monitor and control exposure levels in industrial settings.