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In cold regions, wall insulation systems come in various forms, with two main types: external insulation and sandwich insulation. The external insulation method typically involves using 190 mm thick concrete hollow blocks as the load-bearing structure on the outer side of the wall. A 50 mm thick self-extinguishing EPS board is then installed and reinforced with an alkali-resistant fiber mesh cloth. Finally, a layer of regular plaster and paint completes the exterior finish, giving the wall its decorative appearance.
Based on the experience of developed countries, the most suitable wall structure for masonry buildings is the sandwich insulation wall. This composite system is widely used in advanced nations and offers excellent energy efficiency. Its construction consists of: 190 mm standard load-bearing block + 40–50 mm insulation material + 10 mm air gap + 90 mm decorative block. Anti-corrosion steel mesh connects the inner and outer layers to ensure structural stability and durability.
The insulation material is placed between the two leaves of the wall, protecting it from environmental exposure and ensuring long-term performance. This design also allows the outer surface to be decorated freely without being restricted by the load-bearing components. As a result, the aesthetic potential of the concrete blocks can be fully realized, leading to more diverse architectural styles. Moreover, the separation between the inner and outer walls helps reduce temperature deformation and cracking, while preventing water leakage. Even if rainwater penetrates the outer layer, it drains through the inner cavity and exits via a drainage hole, avoiding contact with the interior wall.
One major advantage of external insulation is that it effectively minimizes thermal bridging, increases the indoor surface temperature of the outer wall, and places high-heat-storage materials indoors. This improves thermal stability, especially during unstable heating conditions, leading to a more uniform indoor temperature distribution and enhanced thermal comfort.
However, this method has several drawbacks. Since the insulation layer covers the entire height of the wall, its durability depends heavily on the adhesive used to bond it to the base. Additionally, the plaster layer, reinforced with fiber mesh, must endure harsh weather conditions such as wind, rain, and sun exposure. Over time, cracks may form, leading to water infiltration and structural damage. Furthermore, the low strength of the insulation material makes it vulnerable to external impacts, and repairs are often difficult and costly. As a result, this system requires high-quality materials and skilled installation, making it more expensive compared to other methods.
Another common approach is the use of clay brick sandwich insulation, which consists of a 240 mm load-bearing brick wall, 50 mm thick polystyrene board, and a 120 mm non-load-bearing brick wall. While this configuration meets basic insulation requirements, the use of clay bricks is gradually declining due to environmental regulations. As a result, some regions have started using concrete hollow blocks instead, but most still rely on external insulation. This method encloses the block completely, limiting its decorative potential. Although it's commonly used in high-rise buildings in areas like Heilongjiang, many issues remain untested due to the short construction period.
This article is reproduced from Quanhe Thermal Building Materials Factory in Dacheng County, Hebei Province: http://