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**First, the Development of Video Surveillance Technology**
The first stage: analog monitoring. The analog CCTV system became popular in the 1970s. Both the front-end cameras and the backend management used analog technology. It can be considered a closed-circuit television system. At that time, retrieving and reviewing surveillance footage was very difficult, and managing the system from the backend was almost impossible.
The second stage: digital surveillance. Digital video surveillance systems based on DVR/DVS started to spread in the late 1990s. They enabled local digital compression and storage. While the front-end devices were still analog, the backend introduced digital management and playback capabilities.
The third stage: full digitalization. All front-end devices transitioned from analog to digital, enabling comprehensive digital management across the entire system.
The fourth stage: IP network-based monitoring. Since the beginning of this century, IP-based digital video surveillance systems have become widespread, gradually achieving full integration of IP codecs, IP network storage, and IP networking.
**Second, Urban Video Surveillance Security Requirements and Issues**
Surveillance technology is currently undergoing rapid changes, with analog systems transitioning to IP-based monitoring. These transformations bring new security challenges. Based on recent urban surveillance system implementations, this section discusses the physical security requirements for system construction and the common issues related to physical security.
Ensuring the physical security of all devices in the surveillance system is essential for overall system safety. Physical security refers to the stable operation of hardware within a networked environment. It involves protecting monitoring equipment, infrastructure, and media from damage caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and fires, as well as human-related threats like misuse or vandalism.
Physical security includes outdoor equipment safety, equipment room safety, transmission line protection, storage device security, network-wide equipment security, and recording media security.
Currently, there are several prominent security issues:
1. **Basic Equipment Risks**: This includes the security of servers, front-end nodes, network equipment, and transmission cables. Reliable and secure equipment is fundamental to the safe operation of the entire system.
2. **Network Transmission Risks**: Protecting the confidentiality and integrity of video data during transmission, along with securing node devices, is crucial. It also involves the security of front-end acquisition devices and access to social monitoring resources through private networks.
3. **System Operation Risks**: These include device authentication, operational failures, software viruses, malicious code, and control priority scheduling. System security largely depends on the video monitoring platform, which manages devices, monitors faults, controls access, and ensures user authentication.
4. **Information Access Risks**: Unauthorized access, data loss, and falsification pose significant threats. Encryption, storage solutions, and backup strategies are key to ensuring information security.
In practice, some video surveillance systems have hidden physical security risks, such as weak personnel access control in monitoring centers, lack of UPS power backup, poor lightning protection, and inadequate cable installation. Outdoor equipment often lacks rain, dust, and heat protection, and maintenance is frequently neglected.
In short, physical security is the foundation of any secure system. Even with technological advancements, it must always receive adequate attention. Other critical areas include access control, network security, business continuity, and data protection.
**Third, Measures for City Video Surveillance Security**
**(A) Monitoring Center Security Measures**
Monitoring centers at all levels should be located within protected zones, with controlled access and entry records. Protective measures must meet design standards, including fire prevention, power distribution, cooling, waterproofing, static control, and electromagnetic shielding. Key measures include:
1. Properly arranging equipment to prevent unauthorized access.
2. Placing critical data-handling equipment in secure locations and ensuring redundancy.
3. Ensuring stable and reliable equipment installation with clear labeling and proper ventilation.
4. Prohibiting food and drinks near processing equipment.
5. Implementing unified grounding specifications with appropriate resistance values.
6. Installing surge protectors and lightning protection devices in the wiring system.
**(II) Outdoor Equipment Safety Measures**
Outdoor equipment must withstand harsh environments, including temperature, humidity, corrosion, and vibration. Installation should be firm, with rainproof, dustproof, and heat-dissipating features. Recommended characteristics include:
- Operating temperature ranges for different regions.
- Shielded enclosures to reduce electromagnetic interference.
- Real-time embedded systems for continuous operation.
- Surge protectors on signal lines and video ports.
- Lightning protection meeting IEC standards.
- Anti-static performance up to 8kV.
- Compliance with national CCC certification.
**(III) Equipment Room Safety Measures**
Equipment rooms must meet electrical strength, leakage current, and insulation resistance standards. For example, they should withstand 1.5kV AC voltage for one minute without breakdown and limit leakage current to no more than 5mA.
**(D) Transmission Line Security Measures**
Data and communication lines should be protected against interception or damage. Measures include burying cables underground, separating power and communication lines, using fiber optics, and removing unauthorized devices.
**(5) Storage Device Security Measures**
Storage devices must monitor environmental conditions, manage hardware status, and ensure sufficient cooling. Redundancy and off-site backups are recommended for critical systems.
**(6) Power Supply Security for Network Equipment**
Indoor and outdoor power systems should ensure uninterrupted supply. Indoor systems require redundant power sources, UPS, and emergency generators. Outdoor nodes must have waterproof power cables and proper protection.
**(7) Electromagnetic Compatibility Measures**
Equipment must meet anti-interference and radiation protection standards. Transmission lines should be designed to avoid signal disruption.
**(8) Recording Media Security Measures**
Recording media must be stored securely, classified according to sensitivity, and disposed of properly. Sensitive data should be encrypted, and strict procedures must govern deletion and destruction.
**Author's Unit**: *Department Third Institute*