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Toluene is a colorless and transparent liquid with a distinct benzene-like odor. It exhibits strong refractive properties and is miscible with various solvents such as ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform, carbon disulfide, and glacial acetic acid, but it has very limited solubility in water. Its relative density is 0.866, with a freezing point of -95°C and a boiling point of 110.6°C. The refractive index is 1.4967, and its flash point (closed cup) is 4.4°C. Toluene is highly flammable, and its vapors can form explosive mixtures with air, with an explosion limit ranging from 1.2% to 7.0% by volume.
Toluene is widely used as a solvent in industrial applications and as an additive in high-octane gasoline. It also serves as a key raw material in the production of organic chemicals. However, due to its relatively abundant supply compared to benzene and xylene, a significant portion of toluene is utilized for further processing. For example, it is alkylated or deuterated to produce xylene and other derivatives. These intermediates are essential in the manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, perfumes, and various fine chemicals. Additionally, toluene plays a role in the production of synthetic materials and industrial polymers.
In terms of hazards, toluene is highly flammable and can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. It poses a fire and explosion risk when exposed to heat, open flames, or strong oxidizing agents. Its vapor is heavier than air and can spread over long distances, accumulating in low-lying areas and potentially igniting if exposed to a flame. Toluene can cause mild irritation to the skin and mucous membranes and may have anesthetic effects on the central nervous system. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace air is 100 mg/m³.
Health risks associated with toluene exposure include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, along with central nervous system depression. Acute exposure to high concentrations may lead to symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, and impaired coordination. In severe cases, convulsions, unconsciousness, and even coma may occur. Chronic exposure can result in neurological symptoms like fatigue, irritability, liver enlargement, and menstrual irregularities in women. Prolonged contact may also cause dry, cracked skin and dermatitis.
Environmentally, toluene is harmful and can pollute air, water, and soil. Its presence in the environment may have long-term ecological impacts. Due to its flammability and irritant properties, proper handling and storage are crucial. To monitor toluene levels in the air, a toluene gas detector is commonly used to ensure safety in industrial settings.