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Manhole covers come in various types, such as single-layer, double-layer, cast iron, ductile iron, composite, and cement concrete. Among these, ductile iron manhole covers are particularly popular due to their durability and strength. These covers are often categorized based on their load-bearing capacity, which determines their suitability for different environments:
- **Category 1 (A15 type):** Suitable for low-traffic areas like green belts and sidewalks, where only light pedestrian traffic occurs.
- **Category 2 (B125 type):** Ideal for sidewalks, bike paths, and small parking lots, where occasional light vehicles may pass.
- **Category 3 (C250 type):** Appropriate for residential areas and quieter streets with limited car traffic, typically within half a meter of curbs.
- **Category 4 (D400 type):** Best suited for high-traffic urban roads, highways, and expressways.
Manhole covers are typically circular or square. In urban settings, circular designs are favored for road administration since they are less prone to tipping over and provide better protection for pedestrians and vehicles. The circular shape ensures that the diameter passing through the center remains constant, preventing the cover from falling into the well if displaced by a vehicle. In contrast, square covers have diagonals longer than their sides, making them more likely to fall into the wellhead if tipped, posing a potential hazard.
In rural areas or around cable wells, square manhole covers are more common because they offer better resistance against liquid infiltration, such as rainwater. While circular covers are efficient in terms of material usage and safety, square designs can sometimes be more practical depending on the specific needs of the location.
Overall, the choice between circular and square manhole covers largely depends on the intended application, load requirements, and environmental conditions. Each design has its own advantages, whether it's ensuring safety, optimizing material use, or preventing water accumulation.