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Manhole covers come in various types, such as single-layer, double-layer, cast iron, ductile iron, composite, and cement concrete covers. Among these, ductile iron manhole covers are particularly popular due to their durability and strength. These covers are categorized based on their load-bearing capacity, which determines their appropriate placement:
- **Category 1 (A15 type)**: Suitable for low-traffic areas like green spaces and sidewalks, preventing access by light vehicles.
- **Category 2 (B125 type)**: Ideal for sidewalks, non-motorized paths, and parking areas where moderate loads are expected.
- **Category 3 (C250 type)**: Best suited for residential zones, backstreets, and areas with limited light vehicle traffic, within half a meter of curbs.
- **Category 4 (D400 type)**: Used for major urban roads, highways, and expressways where heavy loads are common.
Manhole covers typically come in either circular or square shapes. Urban areas prefer circular designs for road management because they are less likely to tip over and provide better protection for pedestrians and vehicles. Circular ductile iron manhole covers offer several advantages: since the diameter remains consistent across the entire cover, rolling it won't cause it to fall into the well below. In contrast, square covers have diagonals longer than their sides, making them prone to falling into the well if tilted, posing safety risks. Additionally, circular covers are more efficient in terms of material usage and ensure optimal fit without wasting resources.
In rural areas and for cable wells, square manhole covers are often preferred as they effectively prevent the ingress of rainwater and other liquids. This design choice balances utility and cost-effectiveness while maintaining functionality.