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Biochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that bridges biology and chemical engineering. While China's bio-chemical industry has a long history, dating back thousands of years through traditional processes like brewing, making soy sauce, and vinegar production, its scope has historically been limited to sectors such as food (e.g., fermentation-based products), pharmaceuticals (e.g., vitamins B and C, antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin), and bio-pesticides (like jinggangmycin and qingfengmycin for rice blast control). However, since the 1980s, with advances in microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, along with the integration of modern experimental techniques, electronics, and computer technologies, biotechnology has experienced significant growth. Building on traditional methods, new technologies such as genetic recombination, cell fusion, and bioreactor systems have emerged, enabling breakthroughs in medicine, food, chemicals, metallurgy, energy, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and environmental monitoring. These innovations continue to provide valuable goods and services for society.
In recent years, bio-chemicals have gained increasing importance within the broader biotechnology landscape, with the focus shifting from traditional medicine to agriculture and now to biochemical applications. Compared to the traditional chemical industry, biochemistry offers several advantages:
a. It primarily uses renewable resources as raw materials.
b. The reaction conditions are typically mild—operating at normal temperature and pressure, which reduces energy consumption and improves selectivity and efficiency.
c. It generates less environmental pollution.
d. The equipment required is simple, leading to lower investment costs.
e. It can produce high-performance compounds that are either difficult or impossible to create through conventional methods, enabling the development of new product varieties.
f. It achieves high atomic efficiency, making it an ideal green chemical technology.
Traditional biochemistry has focused on processing biological resources through fermentation to produce useful substances like monosodium glutamate (MSG), alcohol, and amino acids. Today, biochemical technology is widely applied in medicine, food production, basic organic chemicals, and biological pesticides. With the advancement of modern biotechnology, especially in genetic engineering and microbial engineering, scientists can now precisely modify and harness the functional capabilities of organisms at the molecular and cellular levels. This has led to the production of advanced products such as vitamins, hormones, vaccines, bio-pesticides, and fine chemicals like surfactants, acrylamides, and organic acids, reaching unprecedented levels of efficiency and innovation.