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Biochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that bridges biology and chemical engineering. While China's bio-chemical industry has roots in ancient practices such as brewing, making soy sauce, and vinegar, traditional biochemicals have largely been confined to the food and pharmaceutical industries—like beer, vitamins (B and C), antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin), and bio-pesticides like Jinggangmycin and Qingfengmycin used for rice blast control. However, since the 1980s, with advancements in microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, along with the integration of modern experimental, electronic, and computer technologies, biotechnology has experienced remarkable growth. This progress has led to the development of advanced bioengineering techniques such as genetic recombination, cell fusion, and bioreactor technology, which are now widely applied across medicine, food, chemicals, metallurgy, energy, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and environmental protection. These innovations continue to provide valuable goods and services to society.
In recent years, the role of bio-chemicals in biotechnology has grown significantly, with a noticeable shift from traditional medicine to agriculture and now toward bio-chemical applications. Compared to the traditional chemical industry, biochemistry offers several advantages:
a. It primarily uses renewable resources as raw materials.
b. The reaction conditions are mild—typically at normal temperature and pressure, resulting in low energy consumption, high selectivity, and efficiency.
c. It generates less environmental pollution.
d. The equipment is simple, and the initial investment is relatively low.
e. It can produce high-performance compounds that are either difficult to synthesize or unknown through conventional methods, enabling the development of new products.
f. It achieves high atomic efficiency, making it an ideal green chemical technology.
Traditionally, biochemistry focused on processing biological resources through fermentation to create useful products like monosodium glutamate (MSG), alcohol, and amino acids. Today, biochemical technology is widely applied in medicine, food production, basic organic chemicals, and biological pesticides. With the advancement of modern biotechnology, especially through genetic engineering and microbiological engineering, we can now precisely modify and utilize the vital functions of organisms at the molecular and cellular levels. This has enabled the production of vitamins, hormones, vaccines, bio-pesticides, and fine chemicals such as surfactants, acrylamides, and organic acids, reaching unprecedented levels of sophistication and application.