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Dairy cows rely on microbial fermentation in the rumen to digest their feed. These microbes require a stable and balanced environment to function effectively. Feeding practices that are inconsistent or overly reliant on certain types of food, such as cockroach-based diets, can disrupt this balance and harm the cow's digestive health. To maintain optimal rumen function, it's essential to provide a well-balanced diet with appropriate quantities of different feed types.
Here is a recommended feeding plan for dairy cows:
1. **Silage** – Each cow should receive 20 to 25 kg per day. Silage is a valuable source of energy and fiber, but it should be fed in moderation to avoid overloading the rumen.
2. **High-quality hay** – Cows that consume silage should also be given high-quality green hay, up to 4 kg per day. In many regions, fresh hay is scarce, so during the grass season, it's important to dry and store hay properly. Avoid letting cows eat all the available grass at once, as this can lead to overconsumption and digestive issues.
3. **Root vegetables** – Such as carrots and pumpkins, which have high moisture content. These should be limited to 3 to 5 kg per cow daily to prevent excessive water intake that may affect digestion.
4. **Fresh grass** – No more than 12 kg per cow per day. Fresh grass is nutritious, but overfeeding can cause bloating or other digestive problems.
5. **Rapeseed cake and cottonseed meal** – These protein sources should not exceed 10% of the total feed ration. They are beneficial but must be used carefully to avoid imbalances.
6. **By-products** – Such as beer grains, corn residue, bean curd residue, and apple pomace should be limited to around 10 kg per day. These can add variety and nutrients but should not replace main feed sources.
7. **Concentrates** – The amount of concentrate depends on milk production. For every kilogram of milk produced, about 2.5 kg of concentrate is needed. However, no matter how high the milk yield, the maximum daily limit should not exceed 12 kg. When feeding large amounts of concentrate, increase the number of feedings throughout the day to help manage rumen acidity and support better digestion.
A well-structured feeding program ensures that cows remain healthy, productive, and efficient in converting feed into milk. Always monitor the cows’ behavior and health, and adjust the feeding strategy as needed.